Friday, January 3, 2025

The Middle Class?

Middle Class?


From PEW, Are you in the American middle class?


Putting the Dimensions of Class Together

Many elements of everyday life such as a person's income, wealth, education, job status/prestige and where they live combine to form a rough picture of social class.  There is not a universally accepted model for social class but income, wealth, education, location, prestige/power all can arguably play a part in determining class.

Using your knowledge of what the median American looks like, let's evaluate social class in America.  Think about these guiding questions as we go along today:

  • What are the different classes in the US?
  • Is there a middle class, and if so, what is it?
The median American looks like this:

household income:         ~ $80K
wealth (PEW):                 may or may not have any retirement savings, 1.8 cars,                                                $192K total assets
education:                    some college but no degree
location:                        small city ~ 1million peo (Fresno, Tulsa)
prestige 
(Github, prestige.com): high blue collar (police officer) or low white collar (social worker)

Knowing the median is the middle American (50th percentile), what is your opinion about how large should the middle class be?  That is, how much above the median and below the median should be considered the "middle class"?  (For example, should it be 80-20, 75-25, 60-40, or something else? And then what would you consider the other classes?  (There is no right answer here, just want to get you thinking.)

The peak of the middle class in the US was during the post WWII decades (1945-1975).  Since then, the middle class has been changing - shrinking and becoming more of a struggle.  Sociologists have attempted to define the middle in various ways.  

Gilbert's Model
Sociologists have used different models of social class to explain how social class disaggregates in the United States.  The table below is based on Hamilton College professor Dennis Gilbert's 1992 model of social class.  Look at the table and notice how Gilbert uses multiple measures (job, income, education)  to parse out the classes. 



1.  Which class do you think your family is, based on Gilbert's model?  Do all three components for your family fit his model?

2.  What do you think about Gilbert's model?  Any questions or criticisms?


Gilbert's model was created in the 1990s.  Although the basic idea of the model is still useful, Joan Williams explains a more nuanced understanding of what "middle" should be - including understanding how this group thinks.

Joan Williams' Model

Another model for the class structure is from Dr. Joan Williams who wrote the book White Working Class; Overcoming Class Cluelessness in America.

Dr. Williams' book came out of an article she wrote about the 2016 election posted here in Harvard Business Review.
Her article and her model of social class focus on these groups:

The "poor" class
  • the bottom 30% 
  • making less than 40K
  • median income of $22K
The "working" class
  • the middle 55%   
  • approx. $41K - $131K
  • median of $75K

The "professional-managerial elite" or "PME"
  • the top 14% on earners and at least one college degree in household
  • earns more than $131K per year 
  • median of $173,000
Dr. Williams explains that most Americans believe that they are middle class - whether they make $75K a year or $173K a year.  But these households have very different lifestyles and values, as she explains:





You can read her article here or watch her Ted Talk below.  The following TED Talk by Dr. Williams.  It is about 15min long, but it is insightful. 
Here is her Ted Talk:

 

3. After reading Williams' article posted here in Harvard Business Review or after watching the Ted Talk above, what do you think of her assessment of the contrast between the professional managerial elite class and the working class?  Do you understand why she is saying that this results in a political divide?

If you want to watch additional videos or a shorter one or see additional resources, check these out:

Other sociologists that support Joan Williams' thesis:



“And our place in the material economy is often linked to that in the pride economy. If we become poor, we have two problems. First, we are poor (a material matter), and second, we are made to feel ashamed of being poor (a matter of pride). If we lose our job, we are jobless (a material loss) and then ashamed of being jobless (an emotional loss). Many also feel shame at receiving government help to compensate that loss. If we live in a once-proud region that has fallen on hard times, we first suffer loss, then shame at the loss—and, as we shall see, often anger at the real or imagined shamers.”


Robert Wuthnow's The Left Behind; Decline and Rage in Rural America

Princeton University sociologist, Robert Wuthnow explains the dynamic that Joan Williams describes in his book 
The Left Behind; Decline and Rage in Rural America that location has strongly affected how rural Americans feel and how they vote.  

Here is a 2018 interview with Professor Wuthnow from Vox.

What is fueling rural America’s outrage toward the federal government? Why did rural Americans vote overwhelmingly for Donald Trump? And, beyond economic and demographic decline, is there a more nuanced explanation for the growing rural-urban divide? Drawing on more than a decade of research and hundreds of interviews, Robert Wuthnow brings us into America’s small towns, farms, and rural communities to paint a rich portrait of the moral order — the interactions, loyalties, obligations, and identities—underpinning this critical segment of the nation. Wuthnow demonstrates that to truly understand rural Americans’ anger, their culture must be explored more fully. Wuthnow argues that rural America’s fury stems less from specific economic concerns than from the perception that Washington is distant from and yet threatening to the social fabric of small towns. Rural dwellers are especially troubled by Washington’s seeming lack of empathy for such small-town norms as personal responsibility, frugality, cooperation, and common sense. Wuthnow also shows that while these communities may not be as discriminatory as critics claim, racism and misogyny remain embedded in rural patterns of life.



Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in their Own Land


In her 2016 book, Strangers In Their Own Land; Anger and Mourning on the American Right, renown sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild explains the deep story behind the Tea Party support and the rise of Trump which stems from growing social class inequality happening at the same time as civil rights equality which leaves many White Americans feeling like they are left behind by the government and that they are "strangers in their own land."

 

What I found most intriguing in her book was the concept of the "deep story", or a story that shapes the way people feel.  It doesn't matter if the story is real or true or not.  What matters is that the story is believed to be true so people shape their feelings and actions as if it were real.  Dr. Hochschild's idea is explained on NPR's Hidden Brain

In her new book, Strangers in Their Own Land, sociologist Arlie Hochschild tackles this paradox. She says that while people might vote against their economic needs, they're actually voting to serve their emotional needs. Hochschild says that both conservative and liberals have "deep stories" — about who they are, and what their values are. Deep stories don't need to be completely accurate, but they have to feel true. They're the stories we tell ourselves to capture our hopes, pride, disappointments, fears, and anxieties.



Katherine Cramer's Politics of Resentment
 

Katherine J. Cramer
 is author of The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker (University of Chicago Press, 2016) and a professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she heads the Morgridge Center for Public Service. Her work focuses on the way people in the U.S. make sense of politics and their place in it. Cramer’s methodology is unusual and very direct. Instead of relying polls and survey data, she drops in on informal gatherings in rural areas—coffee shops, gas stations—and listens in on what people say to their neighbors and friends. It is a method that likely gets at psychological and social truths missed by pollsters.  Summary from Scientific American is here.

 

 

Janesville, An American Story


The
 author explains that Janesville is "a microcosm of what was happening in many places in the country and with many kinds of work, because that’s what’s been happening out of the Great Recession. The unemployment level has fallen, but income levels have stayed quite depressed since before the Great Recession..."
New Yorker review here.

NPR review here





 

From Slate,

In the run-up to the 2016 election, sociologist Jennifer Silva conducted more than 100 in-depth interviews with black, white, and Latino working-class residents of a struggling coal town in Pennsylvania. Many of the people she spoke with were nonvoters in 2016 and before. Their politics, she writes in her new book We’re Still Here: Pain and Politics in the Heart of America, were often a hodgepodge of left and right. Their views could appear “incoherent or irrational” on the surface: Many of them trusted Donald Trump because of his wealth, for example, even as they supported higher taxes on the rich.

Many of the people Silva interviewed were profoundly cynical about social institutions, government, marriage, and family ties. They had often suffered trauma, such as domestic violence or military-related PTSD, and were in near-constant physical and/or psychological pain. Instead of placing their hope in systems that have failed them repeatedly, Silva finds, they worked to recast their own stories of pain into opportunities for individual self-improvement. Organized into groups of brief profiles from the town she anonymized as “Coal Brook, Pennsylvania,” the book is an unsparing and empathetic portrait of a diverse corner of blue-collar America.


Silva, a sociologist at Indiana University Bloomington, was raised in a working-class family in Massachusetts. Her father dropped out of high school to join the military, and she was the first in her family to get a bachelor’s degree. When we spoke on the phone last month, we talked about working-class white people’s affinity for Trump, the rise of conspiracy theories, Hillbilly Elegy, and the lessons that 2020 presidential candidates can take from her research. This conversation has been edited and condensed for clarity. 



Notre Dame Sociology professor Rory McVeigh and Creighton professor Kevin Estep's The Politics of Losing trace the parallels between the 1920s Klan and today’s right-wing backlash, identifying the conditions that allow white nationalism to emerge from the shadows. White middle-class Protestant Americans in the 1920s found themselves stranded by an economy that was increasingly industrialized and fueled by immigrant labor. Mirroring the Klan’s earlier tactics, Donald Trump delivered a message that mingled economic populism with deep cultural resentments. McVeigh and Estep present a sociological analysis of the Klan’s outbreaks that goes beyond Trump the individual to show how his rise to power was made possible by a convergence of circumstances. White Americans’ experience of declining privilege and perceptions of lost power can trigger a political backlash that overtly asserts white-nationalist goals. The Politics of Losing offers a rigorous and lucid explanation for a recurrent phenomenon in American history, with important lessons about the origins of our alarming political climate.




Kohn and Lareau


Family shapes people differently based on the social class of the family.   In her book Unequal Childhoods, Annette Lareau explains that parents from working-class households emphasize following rules and discipline while upper-middle-class parents teach their kids to take risks, negotiate, and think creatively.  Lareau explains how these different parenting methods shape children from different social classes:

  • Upper middle-class families encourage negotiation and discussion and the questioning of authority and it can give the children a sense of entitlement.
  • Working-class and lower-income families encourage the following and trusting of people in authority positions, and these parents do not structure their children's daily activities, but rather let the children play on their own. This method teaches the children to respect people in authority, and allows the children to become independent at a younger age.

Lareau explains these differences in her research.  Her book, Unequal Childhoods is explained in the Atlantic here.  And there is an excerpt available here.


Lareau identifies these two styles:
Concerted Cultivation: The parenting style, favored by middle-class families, in which parents encourage negotiation and discussion and the questioning of authority, and enroll their children in extensive organized activity participation. This style helps children in middle-class careers, teaches them to question people in authority, develops a large vocabulary, and makes them comfortable in discussions with people of authority. However, it gives the children a sense of entitlement.
Accomplishment of Natural Growth: The parenting style, favored by working-class and lower-class families, in which parents issue directives to their children rather than negotiations, encourage the following and trusting of people in authority positions, and do not structure their children's daily activities, but rather let the children play on their own. This method has benefits that prepare the children for a job in "working" class jobs, teaches the children to respect and take the advice of people in authority, and allows the children to become independent at a younger age.

Student discussion:

Why do you think each social class shapes kids these ways?  Brainstorm your own hypothesis here.

Analyze either your family or a family you know - which style do you think they are and why?  Can you give a specific example?


Famous Sociology Majors

Famous sociology majors found at the ASA page here:  
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-people-who-majored-in-sociology/reference

And from Soc Images, an exploration into the sociology major and athletes here 



Jerry Harkness, Loyola University basketball player and 1963 NCAA Champion and star of the first NCAA D1 team to field 4 black starters. Highlighted on the History Makers page.







LaRue Martin
- Loyola basketball player and #1 draft pick in the 1972 NBA draft. Active in the community, besides his corporate career, Martins's board memberships and civic affiliations have included the City Club of Chicago, YMCA Mentoring Program, the African American Advisory Council of the Cook County State's Attorney's office, the Urban League of N.W. Indiana, M.L.K. Boys and Girls Club of Chicago, The Leverage Network and De La Salle Institute Board of Directors.

Gabby Thomas, 3X gold medal winner and Harvard Grad (Honorable Mention), cites sociology as opening her eyes to health inequity and inspiring her to work with marginalized groups.

https://youtu.be/0ib_9AlsBT8?si=1YKspmbxuYkmJYvh&t=408


Amanda Gorman,
Poet Laureate, Harvard University grad.  Read about her on the Everyday Sociology blog and on the ASA's page.


















Bong Joon Ho, Director and Oscar winner 

Steph Curry, NBA All-Star and Champion, graduate of Davis U. Senior thesis was about advancing gender equity in sports.

Steph used his sociological mindfulness to respond to a 9 year old girl.



Megan Rapinoe, Crystal Dunn, Abby Dahlkemper and Rose Lavelle
from the U.S. Women's Soccer team














 
Michelle Obama, lawyer and First Lady of the United States, read a review of her thesis on the Racism Review website.












Ronald Reagan
, President of the United States










Cory Anthony Booker
, an American politician and United States Senator from New Jersey, in office since 2013. Previously he served as Mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013.


Jen Psaki, White House Press Secretary for President Biden 







"Kal Penn" Kalpen Suresh Modi, Actor and White House Liaison for Arts and Humanities under President Obama 





















Mitch Albom, author Tuesdays with Morrie, sports writer









Alexi McCammond, reporter for Axios and MSNBC










Daniel Edward "Dan" Aykroyd, "Blues Brother," "Ghostbuster" actor, comedian, screenwriter and singer.














Michael Savage, an American radio host, author, activist, nutritionist, and political commentator.






Nina Dobrev
, actress and model, played the role of Mia Jones, the single teenage mother, on Degrassi: The Next Generation, from the show's sixth to ninth season. Since 2009 she has starred as Elena Gilbert on The CW's supernatural drama, The Vampire Diaries. 








Thomas "Tom" Joyner is an American radio host, host of the nationally syndicated The Tom Joyner Morning Show


Arne Duncan is an American education administrator who has been United States Secretary of Education since 2009. Duncan previously served as chief executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools district from 2001-2009




Chante Stonewall
is a Depaul University Women's basketball player, and the 

Big East scholar-athlete of the year, 2020.








Francis Perkins
, from Wikipedia: first female cabinet member for any US President, creator of social security.

Wellington Webb, mayor of Denver
Brett Schundler, mayor of Jersey City
Annette Strauss, former mayor of Dallas
Roy Wilkins, former head of NAACP
Rev. Jesse Jackson
Rev. Ralph Abernathy
Shirley Chisholm, former Congresswoman from NY
Maxine Waters, Congresswoman from LA
Barbara Mikulski, US Senator from Maryland
Tim Holden, Congressman from Pennsylvania
Saul Alinsky, father of community organizing
Saul Bellow, novelist
Emily Balch, 1946 Nobel Peace Prize winner (a social worker and social reformer)
Francis Perkins, social reformer and former Secretary of Labor
Richard Barajas, Chief Justice, Texas Supreme Court
Deepika Padukone, Indian film actress and model.


Sociology and Careers






































Careers Beyond Academia

Research institutions and professional organizations are great places to do research and use your skills from sociology while also networking. For example:


ASA has a number of full time positions, see here: https://www.asanet.org/about/asa-staff-directory/
There are a number of positions at the ASA and some are entry level.  I know quite a few people who worked at ASA and then spring-boarded into other positions, for example:
Senior Consultant Training and People Development (DEI), Paradigm
Senior Social Scientist, National Institute of Health
Manager of Community Outreach and Enrollment, For the Love of Children 
Program Officer, National Academies of Science 
 
Here are some videos from the ASA: 

Other Research Institutions:

PEW  https://www.pewresearch.org/about/careers/

Census  https://www.census.gov/about/census-careers.html

Federal - Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Lots of jobs across the country, esp. in D.C.
Search for jobs beyond just "sociology" with key terms like research, analyst, social science,



For Undergraduates with a Sociology major:

the sankey visualization below shows the myriad careers that sociology majors end up in:




  1. Tech Industry Research
  2. Financial Planning
  3. Government Agencies

This is from the American Sociology Association's website:

The 21st century labor market is fast changing, increasingly global and technology-driven, the jobs that you may apply for as a graduate may not even exist yet. To navigate the 21st century means being able to keep up with the changing world.
As society evolves, you as a sociology major will have the tools to critically analyze the world and your place within it.


This page from Huffington Post will help allow you to explore why some students majored in sociology, what skill sets sociology students learn.


Here's a post from Everyday Sociology Blog about majoring in sociology.


Also, for finding jobs in sociology:

This is a link to the ASA page on jobs.  Here is a brief overview of where sociology majors end up after they complete their bachelor's degree.






















Here is a video about careers in sociology, embedded below: