So, we have seen that race is a social construction, but why does that matter? In other words, why would Thind care enough to take a case to the Supreme Court?
Even though the biological idea of race is a social construction, it has very real consequences (Thomas Theorum). Race is often used to justify and promote unequal social arrangements. The inequality might simply be promoting the idea that a person or a group of people do not belong because of their race.
What are some ways that institutions in the U.S. have created opportunities based on race?
Not only do people react to each other based on their perceived races, but institutions have been constructed around the idea of race. Yesterday we saw the ways that institutions construct the idea of race, and who is white. Today we look at what opportunities are created based on race, or more simply, why would anyone want so bad to be white, if it's just a faulty label? Here is a list for starters about why being white mattered and still matters:
- 1705 a statute in Virginia required masters to give white indentured servants fifty acres of land, thirty shillings, ten bushels of corn and a musket. Most people have not heard of that.
- 1705 House of Burgesses passed the Virginia Slave Codes. Those laws locked in a brutal system of white supremacy by giving slave owners sweeping rights to control and even torture the African people they owned, and making it illegal for black people to employ white people.
- 1785 Land Ordinance Act provided a clearer system for putting formerly Native land into the hands of white settlers. This was 640 acres at a dollar an acre. And public education system was set aside in this act but it was designed to serve white children, not enslaved African children or Native Americans.
- 1790 Naturalization Act allows whites to become citizens. This isn’t about anything except the color of your skin. Not merit, not hard work, not meeting the criteria, just being white, the color of your skin.
- 1862 Homestead Act allowed people to claim land for free in the rapidly expanding United States, but excluded the vast majority of black people in the U.S., because you had to be a citizen to participate and enslaved people were not eligible for citizenship until passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
- 1934 FHA created loan opportunities that by 1962, would loan over 120 billion dollars that over 98 percent went to white people.
- 1934 Social Security Administration was created to help aging Americans, but two-thirds of all African American workers were blocked from Social Security until the program was expanded in the 1950s.
- 1944 GI Bill of Rights Millions of mostly-white men got higher education through the GI Bill and became engineers, scientists, doctors, teachers. The GI Bill also sent people to trade schools and helped veterans find jobs. But here again, men of color were at a disadvantage because of the military’s racist practices back then in assigning jobs within the military. So, when people came home and met with a job counselor, a local job counselor, their duties were to line up a civilian job that matched the skills you gained in the military. White men came home and became builders and welders and mechanics, and men of color came home and became dishwashers and cooks. until 1971, the GI Bill spent ninety-five billion dollars on veterans, helping them buy homes, get vocational training, and start businesses.
What is racism?
These are all ways that people who were seen as white had access to institutional power. The ways that race has played a role in helping certain groups gain or maintain power has come to be termed racism. Since these examples above are about institutions creating and maintaining power, it is an example of institutional racism. An important distinction here is that racism is perpetrated against people who do not have power. This is why people sometimes hear the idea that racism can't be perpetrated against the majority race, whites. Racism is about maintaining power in favor of the racial group that holds power. Another important distinction is that racism is an action, so people's actions can be racist, and in a society with as much racism as the United States, all of us are likely to have racist actions (even Ibram Kendi, an African American scholar and racism historian defines his own actions as having been racist), but that does not define us as people. Instead of labeling individuals as racist, we should identify racist actions and language. Otherwise, allowing the status quo to continue allows the racist power dynamic to continue. So, Kendi makes that case in his book, How to Be an Anti-Racist. So it is through this lens of language and actions that allow and promote racial disparities to exist that we will discuss "racism". However, this should not be confused with these other related terms:
- bigotry - intolerance for a group of people
- prejudice/bias - holding an over-generalized attitude that prevents objective consideration of an individual or group of people
- discrimination - the unequal treatment of an individual or group because of their status in a group
- individual racism - individual ideas or actions that justify and perpetuate a minority individual from gaining or accessing power
This sociological understanding is a more specific view of racism than what often gets labeled as "racism" in everyday language.
Below is more evidence about how race matters explicitly, also called explicit racism. As you explore the examples think about how these situations use race to get or maintain power. Also, think about whether these are individual acts of racism or institutional.
Miss America 2013, Nina Davluri came to SHS. But when she won the pageant, there was a flurry of tweets about her race.
Here is a post about tweets from the 2013 Miss America pageant.
Is this racism?
Is this prejudice?
Is this discrimination?
For more about racism (esp. with women from Indian descent) and beauty pageants, see this post based on Asha Rangappa.
Racism in College
Fraternities and sororities hold racial-themed parties that display very directly the racialized stereotypes that persist in the United States. Does this surprise you? How would you feel/react to a party like this when you go to college?
Here is a post about why dressing up in this way is not okay.
The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education has an ongoing list of racist incidents.
Here is a post about a 2013 racist incident at a liberal college in a liberal state.
Racism in Sports
In 2018, Racism at Wrigley in the bleachers.
In 2017, Yu Darvish was taunted and mocked for looking Asian.
In 2012, Joel Ward, a black NHL player scored the winning goal in the NHL playoffs and he became the target of racial slurs.
Racism in the Marketplace
A college student from Queens got more than he bargained for when he splurged on a $350 designer belt at Barneys — when a clerk had him cuffed apparently thinking the black teen couldn’t afford the pricey purchase, even though he had paid for it, a new lawsuit alleges.
“His only crime was being a young black man,” his attorney, Michael Palillo, told The Post.
Racism in Politics
During the Healthcare debate in 2009, Representative David Scott of Georgia had a 4foot swastika painted over his office sign.
The Southern Poverty Law Center identifies hate groups in America. This link will show you a map of all the hate groups in the United States. Is this surprising? Is this concerning?
This article from the Mail Online, A British online newspaper:
Michael Tesler's Post Racial or Most Racial documents the tremendous amount of racism that President Obama faced during his presidency, including ongoing claims that he was not American. Is this any different than the flurry of racism that Ms. Nina Davluri faced after becoming Miss America?
"Tesler shows how, in the years that followed the 2008 election—a presidential election more polarized by racial attitudes than any other in modern times—racial considerations have come increasingly to influence many aspects of political decision making."
Racism in the Media
Jeremy Lin is an example of the racial stereotypes in sports and how stereotypes can be more or less permissible for different groups within a society. Here is a post explaining that dynamic from the society pages. Here is a clip of the skit from the daily beast. Have you seen or heard any explicit racism in your own life?
Explicit Racism Backstage
Sociologists Leslie Picca and Joe Feagin explain in their book Two-faced Racism that racism can be explicit even if it is not always shared publicly. Read an excerpt here. Watch a video of Leslie Picca here:
SOCHE Talks: Two-Faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage from SOCHE on Vimeo.
Below is more evidence about how race matters explicitly, also called explicit racism. As you explore the examples think about how these situations use race to get or maintain power. Also, think about whether these are individual acts of racism or institutional.
Here is a post about tweets from the 2013 Miss America pageant.
Is this racism?
Is this prejudice?
Is this discrimination?
For more about racism (esp. with women from Indian descent) and beauty pageants, see this post based on Asha Rangappa.
Racism in College
Fraternities and sororities hold racial-themed parties that display very directly the racialized stereotypes that persist in the United States. Does this surprise you? How would you feel/react to a party like this when you go to college?
Here is a post about why dressing up in this way is not okay.
Here is a post about a 2013 racist incident at a liberal college in a liberal state.
Racism in Sports
In 2018, Racism at Wrigley in the bleachers.
The stakes of the moment are made clear by a Latino female fan who security rescues from physical and verbal harm. She stands on the bleachers and points at each member of the white security team.In 2017, Fans at Fenway made news numerous times over there racist taunts of opposing teams' players.
“You and you and you will never know what it’s like,” she says.
A few seconds later, a Latino fan involved in the altercation accuses security of “taking the white people’s side.” The fight appears to be ending when the non-Latino fan bellows the same slurs, putting his hands on either side of his mouth to amplify his voice and ensure he’s heard. It’s only then that he realizes he’s being recorded. (If you feel the need to fully absorb these words, you can watch the videos here.)
It’s a telling moment. He feels safe enough to shout those words next to security personnel. But when he realizes his actions might be seen outside of the stadium, he accosts the person recording the fight. Security also instructs this person to “put your phone away” and says “you’re on private property, you don’t have permission to videotape anyone.”
In 2017, Yu Darvish was taunted and mocked for looking Asian.
In 2012, Joel Ward, a black NHL player scored the winning goal in the NHL playoffs and he became the target of racial slurs.
Racism in the Marketplace
A college student from Queens got more than he bargained for when he splurged on a $350 designer belt at Barneys — when a clerk had him cuffed apparently thinking the black teen couldn’t afford the pricey purchase, even though he had paid for it, a new lawsuit alleges.
“His only crime was being a young black man,” his attorney, Michael Palillo, told The Post.
Racism in Politics
During the Healthcare debate in 2009, Representative David Scott of Georgia had a 4foot swastika painted over his office sign.
The Southern Poverty Law Center identifies hate groups in America. This link will show you a map of all the hate groups in the United States. Is this surprising? Is this concerning?
This article from the Mail Online, A British online newspaper:
And with Mr Obama reportedly receiving more death threats than any other American president - 400 per cent more than those against his predecessor George Bush, according to a new book...A black U.S. Congressman had a swastika painted over his office sign after he yelled at allegedly racist protesters at a Southern town hall meeting, it emerged today.
"Tesler shows how, in the years that followed the 2008 election—a presidential election more polarized by racial attitudes than any other in modern times—racial considerations have come increasingly to influence many aspects of political decision making."
Racism in the Media
Jeremy Lin is an example of the racial stereotypes in sports and how stereotypes can be more or less permissible for different groups within a society. Here is a post explaining that dynamic from the society pages. Here is a clip of the skit from the daily beast. Have you seen or heard any explicit racism in your own life?
Explicit Racism Backstage
Sociologists Leslie Picca and Joe Feagin explain in their book Two-faced Racism that racism can be explicit even if it is not always shared publicly. Read an excerpt here. Watch a video of Leslie Picca here:
SOCHE Talks: Two-Faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage from SOCHE on Vimeo.
