Yesterday's Lesson Continued: Emile Durkheim and Structural-Functional Paradigm
Structural-Functional Paradigm
The first paradigm we will consider is structural-functional. This paradigm was created by Emile Durkheim. Durkheim studied suicide and found that within industrial Europe, the rate of suicide varied from country to country but it also stayed stable within each country. So, something that seemed like an individual choice, such as suicide, was really a product of the country a person lived in. Someone living in Britain was much more likely to commit suicide than someone living in Italy. In other words, something was happening in British society that was creating a problem for the individuals living there. Suicide was not an individual problem, it was a social one. Durkheim called these social problems dysfunctions.
What does Durkheim focus on?
Durkheim said that societies have a structure made up of different systems that function to keep order in society. Just like a body has different systems such as a respiratory, circulatory, digestive and nervous system, a society has different systems like family, education, economy, religion and government etc… These systems serve a function of keeping order in society by creating a structure for stability and continuity. Therefore, Durkheim's paradigm becomes known as structural-functional. Durkheim says that when the structures help to make life healthy for individuals, the structures are functional, whereas structures that are not healthy for individuals are called dysfunctional.
What does Durkheim focus on?
Durkheim said that societies have a structure made up of different systems that function to keep order in society. Just like a body has different systems such as a respiratory, circulatory, digestive and nervous system, a society has different systems like family, education, economy, religion and government etc… These systems serve a function of keeping order in society by creating a structure for stability and continuity. Therefore, Durkheim's paradigm becomes known as structural-functional. Durkheim says that when the structures help to make life healthy for individuals, the structures are functional, whereas structures that are not healthy for individuals are called dysfunctional.
In sum, The institutions/structures provide stability and continuity for individuals - like helping individuals survive and thrive. The structures help us understand what is expected of us and provide an identity and a purpose. This is functional.
Dysfunctions are when these institutions do not meet those needs and instead individuals are harmed by the institutions.
Dysfunctions are when these institutions do not meet those needs and instead individuals are harmed by the institutions.
Names as an example of Durkheim's structural-functional paradigm
As an example of the structural-functional paradigm, names, like people, seem individual and unique. For example, when someone calls your name, you probably look up automatically and assume they are talking about you. And, indeed, for many of us, we are the only person who we know with our exact name. I don’t know anyone named Christopher Joseph Salituro other than myself.
However, names are not a unique trait unto ourselves. Instead, names are our first connection to community. Desmond Tutu, the Archbishop of South Africa once said, “A solitary individual is not possible. We come into being because a community of people came together.” That community of people gives you a name and sees to it that you survive. We would not be alive if it wasn’t for their influence and nurture. So, names are a great way to examine how sociologists look at the world. Many aspects of our lives that seem like individual choices or individual traits are actually guided by social forces that are larger than us. Our families, schools, religions, governments and other social institutions all influence who we are, including in ways that we don’t even realize. The sociological perspective examines these influences from different perspectives.
3. List any ways that your name:
- connects to family
- connects to religion
- represents morals or values
- transmits cultural preferences and popular ideas
Some students will say that their parents just chose the name because they liked it. But closer research reveals that even this is not always the case. The Social Security Administration Baby Names Database tracks all of the names babies are given each year. You can view that data here: SSA Baby Name Database.
Notice that the data shows that names go in and out of style, even if we don't notice it. For example, my parents named me Christopher, but they just thought that they liked the name. Looking at the data, it is now evident that Christopher was the second most popular name that year!
Notice that the data shows that names go in and out of style, even if we don't notice it. For example, my parents named me Christopher, but they just thought that they liked the name. Looking at the data, it is now evident that Christopher was the second most popular name that year!
4. Do you see how your name reflects the influences that come from families, schools/peers, religions, popular culture?
And do you understand that when people are given a name it can impart values or traditions that connect you to family, religion, or other social structures?
If you don't understand either of these, please indicate what is confusing.
Additionally, a respected sociologist from Harvard named Stanley Lieberson studied trends and fashions. He used the Social Security Names database to study how names spread in popularity similar to how fashion spreads. His research is an example of how the social institution of family creates stability. The naming of new babies is not simply personal; families influence each other. Read this NY Times[iii] article about Lieberson then try your own research with the data. If you wish to markup this reading, download it here. Lieberson found that:
- Name choices, like clothing choices, reflect the desire to be different, but not too different.
- Names branch off of each other with similar suffixes or prefixes
- Names reflect societal patterns like Mexican immigrants
- Names are changing more frequently than they used to reflect a stronger desire to be different.
5. (OPTIONAL) Search the SSA Baby Name Database.
Can you find examples of any of Lieberson's finds in the social security database? Give a specific example.
6. Analyze the Teen-Parent Conflict reading using Durkheim. Using examples from the author, how are school and family functional for teens? How are they dysfunctional?
7. The structural-functional paradigm is one perspective that sociologists use. Can you explain it? Can you use it to examine your own name?
