1.06 Sociological Research

Today's Lesson is ASYNCHRONOUS.  Please read the lesson and answer the embedded questions in the Google form for this lesson.

Sociological Research

NOTE, for HW: 

Read Chapter 1: How Does It Feel to Be Black and Poor from Venkatesh's Gang Leader for a Day here. (For background info, see this post about Chicago Housing Projects Leader for a Day.)

This is the introductory chapter of Venkatesh’s book, Gang Leader for a Day. As you read the chapter, look for all of the ways that Venkatesh gathers data and attempts to study race and poverty. This is from a book published for popular consumption - It is NOT an academic source.  We will examine academic sources later in this lesson.

NOTE: there is offensive language in the chapter which Venkatesh included in order to preserve the authenticity of his interactions with the people he meets. Please do not take the use of this language as making light of the offensivesness of this language.

Today's Lesson:  The importance of research in sociology and where to find it.

Open this Common Sense Quiz and answer True or False for questions 1-15.  

Use your previous knowledge or simply use common sense to guess the answers for each question.  Do not spend much time on these questions.  If you don't know the answer, go with your intuition or common sense.

PLEASE DO THE GOOGLE DOC FOR THIS LESSON - as we go along.  Start with Q1 only.

If you are absent, here is the Google Doc for this lesson.

1a. How many answers from the quiz did you get correct?

1b. What is one of the answers that you were surprised about?

Why is research important?

Hopefully, the quiz above shows that common sense and your own experiences are not always reliable in understanding society.  Human psychology has a tendency to make incorrect assumptions especially because of these psychological concepts:

· overgeneralization - basing all of your understanding on a limited experience.

· selective observation/confirmation bias - seeking out only evidence that supports your opinion.

· premature closure - deciding on a conclusion and then being unable to see evidence contrary to that conclusion.

· halo effect - having a positive view of one aspect of a person or idea and that affects your view of all other aspects associated with it.

· false consensus - the tendency to overestimate how much others agree with us.

Background - The Beginning of Sociology as a Science

Auguste Comte - started as positive philosophy (aka positivism) the early 1800s, then popularized the term "sociology" (1838), the empirical study of society using scientific methods and data.  Basically, Comte was saying what knowledge can we be positive about regarding society?  In other words, what can we test scientifically about society; thus, "sociology".  

1c. Do you understand why research and the scientific method is important to sociology?  Any questions?

Primary Research in Sociology

Original research in sociology is usually published in journals that include an explanation about the methods used to gather data as well as the data itself.  I will show you where to find this research and I want you to find a primary research article, but first, here are some tips for reading academic journal articles.

Reading Primary Research Articles in Sociology

Open this academic research article about Street Gangs in Chicago published by Venkatesh in the American Journal of Sociology.   Use the article as a guide as you follow the recommendations for reading it below:

A.  Don't be intimidated

Don't let the length of the journal article intimidate you, nor should you be intimidated by the loquaciousness of the author's writing.  Academic professors often use fancy jargon (like loquaciousness).  It makes the reading longer and sometimes confusing, but you can still understand what the researcher is getting at.  Especially if you understand the structure that I explain below.  Here is a funny example of how writing gets more complicated even though it says the same idea:

Simply put - read through the jargon and decipher what you can.  If necessary, look up the words you need to know to understand the main point, but don't be intimidated by the length or the wording of the article.

Apply this to the scholarly article published by Venkatesh, note how long the article is - DON'T BE INTIMIDATED!  Start by simply reading the abstract.

2a.  Read the abstract - Is there any jargon that you notice?  Quickly circle or underline the words, but don't let that intimidate you!   

B.  Understand the structure

Most of the research articles have a similar structure.  Once you understand the structure, it is easier to find what you need and make sense of the article.  Sometimes these sections will even be labeled for you.

Most research articles have a format that looks like this (sometimes a couple of these sections are combined):

  

**Abstract (Most useful section - read first) - A summary before the actual article, usually in italics or set off from the actual article.  Not all articles have this, but most do. 

                                                         

Introduction - The beginning of the research explaining what the author set out to study and why it is important.  

                                               

Literature Review - This is often confused by students for being the actual research, but it is just a review of previous research that has been done.  This section might point out previous research that informs the author's research or shortcomings of the previous research that the author hopes to address.  Karen Sternheimer explains the literature review here on the Everyday Sociology blog.

Methods - This explains how the author gathered data.  It might include multiple methods such as surveys, ethnography, existing data, etc...

Data/Stats - The author will make sense of the data that they gathered.  For quantitative data, the analysis might be complex such as regression analysis,  or a discussion of p-value.  Don't let the complicated discussion of the statistics intimidate you.  You can make sense of the data without understanding all of the statistical jargon.

**Conclusion (Second most useful - read second!) - After the explanation of the methods and data, the author will summarize the data and make sense of it.  Finding this section will help you understand what the most important parts of the research was.  

Discussion/moving forward - This section is sometimes at the end of the article suggesting either future research or policy implications or the limitations of the research.  Authors might critique their own research here.

2b.  Look over the article and see which of these sections can you identify in the article?  Note that you don't have to read the whole article.  Look for different sections and headings.

Here is a link to a guide created by Nora Weber.  And here is her Twitter feed that shared it.

C.  Once you decide to look at an article in more detail, don't feel pressured to sit down and read the entire article from beginning to end.  Very few readers do this. Instead, researchers bounce around the article to find what they are looking for.

Understanding the structure I explained in B above should help you understand the research efficiently and bounce around the article to find what you are looking for.     

For more on how to read journal articles see this post.

Primary Research Example

After you have answered 2a and 2b above, open this example of primary research published by Venkatesh that I annotated.  Notice the minimal text that you need to read to understand the article if you understand the structure.  

Finding Your Own Primary Sociological Research

There are three places that I want you to be aware of for finding primary research.

 

I. ASA journals

The most recent research in a number of journals is available online for free from the American Sociological Association.  The journals page on the ASA website lists the journals along with a description of what is published in them.  The journals page is here: https://www.asanet.org/publications/journals/

 

The most useful journals for our class are the following:

American Sociological Review, ASA’s flagship journal, includes the latest general interest scholarship in sociology that advances our understanding of fundamental social processes through theoretical, methodological, and empirical innovation.

City & Community, a journal of the ASA Section on Community and Urban Sociology, aims to advance urban sociological theory, promote empirical research on communities and urban social life, and encourage sociological perspectives on urban policy.

Journal of Health and Social Behavior publishes empirical and theoretical articles that apply sociological concepts and methods to the understanding of health and illness and the organization of medicine and health care.

Social Psychology Quarterly publishes theoretical and empirical work on the link between the individual and society, including the study of the relations of individuals to one another, as well as to groups, collectivities, and institutions.

Society and Mental Health, a journal of the ASA Section on Sociology of Mental Health, publishes articles that apply sociological concepts and methods to the understanding of the social origins of mental health and illness, the social consequences for persons with mental illness, and the organization and financing of mental health services and care. 

Sociology of Education publishes research that examines how social institutions and individuals’ experiences within these institutions affect educational processes and social development.

Sociology of Race vand Ethnicity, a journal of the ASA Section on Racial and Ethnic Minorities, publishes sociological research on race and ethnicity across epistemological, methodological, and theoretical orientations. 

Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World provides an open access online-only forum for rapid publication of sociological research from any subfield of the discipline. 

 

3a.  What article did you find from the journals above?  What journal was it from?

Use the journal structure to quickly decide if the article looks interesting to you or not. 

II.  JSTOR

Once journals are a few years old, they are stored in a searchable, online archive called JSTOR.  The limitation for JSTOR is that the articles are older, but the benefits are that the archive will search dozens of journals for you and you can target the search by key words or author, etc...  Additionally, you can search JSTOR by subject area so this is a really useful search engine for all of your classes!

Here is how to search JSTOR:

On Loyola's home page, you can click on the Resources dropdown menu and go to University Libraries, then under the A-Z menu, go to J and click on JSTOR.

Once JSTOR opens, be sure that you are logged in using your LUC account and you should see the page that looks like this:

Go to the library website and navigate to JSTOR and “Advanced Search”.
(Be sure that you are logged in).

Key Words - Type in the key words/topics that you would like to search.  Try different search terms using synonyms such as "school" in one search then "education" in another search.

Narrow Results to Articles - Select only "articles" in the filtering menu on the left side - so you don't get results from reviews or book chapters.

Journal Filter - Scroll down to select "sociology" under search by subject. That will limit your search to only journals that are sociological.

Additional tips for finding research in JSTOR 

• Try different search terms - open a few articles in different windows that you might be interested in.  Then, try different search terms and open a few more. This might help you find the most relevant articles before you waste time reading one less relevant; quickly read the abstract or introduction to decide if the article is worth looking at in greater detail; 
• Start general then narrow - start out with a search for general terms then you can narrow down by adding other terms or dates.  One way to do this is to search within the results you find. 

3b.  Choose one article that you might to explore more.  What article did you find from JSTOR?    

III.  Institutions that publish primary source research 

The third place to find original research is to look at institutions that conduct and publish social research.  Some institutions publish research as their primary goal.  This is one example of sociologists doing sociology for a living.  These research organizations often publish the data sets that their research is based on. 
Many of these institutions publish reports for the general public so the advantage here is that they are likely going to be easier to read.  But the disadvantage is that they will be less thorough.

Below is a list of institutions that publish primary research.  I want to point these institutions out both as examples of places you can work and also as sources of primary research.  

PEW https://www.pewresearch.org/category/publications/

Census  https://www.census.gov/ (click on browse by topic)

National Center for Education Statistics

Stanford Center on Poverty & Inequality

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Data from U of Michigan's Monitoring the Future - Data on Teens and behaviors, attitudes, values  

Choose one of the links above.  Click on it and try to find some original research that they published.

3c.  Which institution did you visit?  What research did you find?

SAVE ONE ARTICLE

You will use one article that you found in our next few lessons.  So, save one article that is an original research article that you can refer to for the next week or so.  If you have trouble finding one, please check in with me during office hours or before class.

Choose 1 original Sociology Research article from the 3 places above (preferably from 1. Journals) because they are most recent.  Try to label each section of the article using the structure that I gave you above.

4.  What article did you choose?  (IMPORTANT - Save this article so that you can use it in class next week)

5. Which of the founding paradigms  (Structural-Functional, Conflict, Symbolic Interaction) does your article appear to use?  Explain how.

Structural Functional - how the structures (social institutions like family, education, media, work, government) shape the individuals within society.

Conflict - how inequality is shaped by power

Symbolic Interaction - How people interact based on shared meaning

In conclusion:

Identify why research is important to sociology.

Find original research articles.

Identify the different parts of the articles.

Don't forget to read the Gang Leader for a Day Introduction for homework.