1.82 Generalizations: Categories v. Stereotypes

While waiting, please review Joel Charon's "Should We Generalize About People?"

Action Item for next class:  Joel Best, "The Truth about Damned Lies and Statistics." 

A few announcements before the lesson begins:

First, Looking for a kind student to help me out?  Willing to negotiate!  Hear me out...

Next, we will meet in class on Friday.  It will be the last lesson of the unit followed by a brief explanation about what to study.  The testing window will be open over the weekend.

Finally, regarding the lesson on Monday (and today) I want to be clear that the lesson is not about the politics of the Middle East, but instead it is about how to react mindfully when you see someone that is different than you.  You can disagree but avoid the pitfalls that come with outgroups (Monday's lesson) and stereotyping(today's lesson). 

Categories and Stereotypes

After reading Joel Charon's "Should We Generalize About People?"

For discussion in class or in Google Form if absent:

6.   According to Charon, is it okay to generalize? Why or why not?

7.  What is the difference between a generalization and a stereotype?

                        

After reading Joel Charon's "Should We Generalize..." hopefully, you realize that yes we must generalize because it is what makes us intelligent human beings. But our great strength as humans can also be a horrible flaw. If we do not generalize and categorize accurately then we run the risk of stereotyping. We must realize that although individuals can be categorized into certain groups, it doesn't mean that all individuals fit that group's generalization. Toward the end of the reading, Charon says, 

"If we are open-minded and reflective, we can even evaluate how good or how poor our generalizations are, and we can alter what we know as we move from situation to situation."

This is both the task and the promise of sociology.  Sociology challenges us to think about our generalizations and assumptions about what we know and it promises us that with proper thought and care we can understand people better.  

Apply the idea of ingroups/outgroups and categories/generalizations to the research that you found:

8.  What are the groups that are examined in the original research that you found? (Use the abstract)

9.  Does your researcher make any generalizations/conclusions about the group? (Use the abstract or conclusion)

10.  Does your researcher explain any nuances about the group that might help people from the outgroup think more critically about the group?

Examples of stereotypes and lessons we can learn from them:
Remember that without careful consideration, it is easy to stereotype entire categories - especially outgroups.  The reality is that there are very nuanced opinions about both sides of the issues:  

• Not in Our Name; American Jewish Activists Lead March to White House over Isarael's 'Genocide' 
• Not in Our Name; Jewish New Yorkers Speaking Out against 'Dehumanization' of Palestinians
• Letters to my Palestinian Neighbor by Yossi Klein Halevi, 2019
• Many Palestinians in Gaza Hate Hamas, October 2023
• Before the War Gaza's Leaders Were Deeply Unpopular, October 2023
• Palestinian protests of Hamas, August 2023
• Palestinians protest against Hamas in online event, January 2022
• Palestinian Protests against Hamas in streets of Gaza, March 2019
• How it Feels to Be Muslim in America
• How Does it Feel to be Jewish [in North America]

Be mindful of the way that you may perceive Jewish or Muslim Americans if they are an outgroup for you:

• Israeli policy does not reflect the feelings of all Jews and not even all Israelis
• Hamas’s terrorism does not represent all Muslims and not even all Palestinians

Stereotypes about Muslims
The video called I am an American that shows the dangerous power that extreme stereotypes can lead to.

In this case, Muslim is the category, but it could be a different religion, ethnicity or any other category of people.  United States' history is littered with examples of groups that have been scapegoated and vilified. This is how Muslims have been treated in many cases in post 9/11 America. But I have had so many Muslim students who prove that this is just a stereotype. And that is what this video is showing. There are caring, loving, neighborly Muslims all around us but extreme stereotypes lead us to only see the stereotype and ignore reality.  Here is a page from Indiana University called Muslim Voices which is trying to correct the stereotyping.

Lesson: Don't give in to outgroup homogeneity.  Even if you do not know the complex dynamics within an outgroup, be cognizant that those variations probably exist. 

Examples of stereotypes about differently-abled individuals 

Brett Eastburn
Brett Eastburn was born with no arms or legs.  Here is an article in the Daily Herald about Eastburn visiting a school in Mt. Prospect.  We might categorize him as disabled, but we should be careful about the assumptions and stereotypes that go along with that category.  Here is a Ted Talk by Eastburn and here is his book, I'm Not Missing Anything. 

 

Nick Vujicic
Another powerful differently-abled speaker is Nick Vujicic. He is a motivational speaker who also has no limbs.   Here is a video of him on youtube

 

Aaron Fotheringham

This is a video about Aaron Fotheringham, an "extreme sitter." Aaron has been in a wheelchair his whole life, but he sees it as an opportunity. Again, we should be careful of our stereotypes. Aaron is way more rad than I will ever be, but he is in a wheelchair and I am not.  If you search youtube, you can see Aaron doing a double backflip! But there are also lots of videoes of him crashing over and over again and again. It takes hard work and lots of effort to become good at what you do.  

Hard work was a theme in all of the above videoes.  And if you read the rest of Outliers, Gladwell makes the case that the most successful people spend ten thousand hours developing their skills.  The other theme that comes out in all of these videoes from Brett Eastburn to Aaron Fotheringham is that in order to find meaning in your life you must find a way to serve others.  Find a way to help other people.  You have talents.  Develop them and find a way to use them to help others.  That is your purpose.  And here is Aaron "wheels" Fotheringham at the 2016 Paralympics:


 

Here is the latest update from Wheelz on the BBC. 

Here is a video about a different type of street performer that also challenges your assumptions about the category "disabled".


I love how these "disabled" people see their opportunity to teach others.  Their lessons seem to be similar:  The world doesn't owe you anything.  You owe yourself hard work and dedication to become what you want.  Find a way to help others/teach others.  Don't stereotype and keep an open mind.

Lessons from differently-abled individuals:

• Accept yourself as a part of creation; your existence is the universe's confirmation to you that you matter.
• Develop your talents/desires.  Whatever you want takes hard work. It takes failure, discomfort and effort.
• Find ways to serve others.  Whenever you don't know what to do or when your life feels directionless or meaningless, find a way to serve others.  We all have talents that can help others.

11.  Choose one of the examples of stereotypes above.  What did you think about the example?  What is the category?  What is a stereotype of that category?  What are some accurate generalizations?

12.  Apply categories and stereotypes to the research article that you are examining:

What are the categories that your research article covers?

Are these ingroups or outgroups for you?
What are the generalizations in your research article?
Are there stereotypes that your research article dispels?

EXTRA:

Dealing with stereotypes
Finally, when you feel like you have been stereotyped, how do you react? What do you do? Anis Mojgani suggests that you shake the dust. Checkout his slam poem. Here is a link to his poem in writing.

Lesson from Mojgani: When you have been stereotyped, shake the dust.  Move on and don't let the dust settle on you.  Don't let it define you.

13. Have you ever been the victim or perpetrator of a stereotype?  What was the stereotype and category?  Share a personal example.

The Cookie Thief, a poetic example of judging
There is a poem I like that illustrates Charon's point. The poem called "The Cookie Thief" by Valerie Cox. We are all cookie thieves sometimes in how we erroneously use the categories that Charon talks about. 

Lesson: 
We have all been both the victim of stereotyping and the perpetrator of it.  Try not to be the cookie thief.

This American Life, radio episode about stereotypes 

Another great source about stereotypes is episode 362 from This American Life. Click here to listen to the episode where 5 people tell stories about stereotyping. Listen to the prologue about people with disabilities, and Act One about NY cops stereotyping people coming from Brooklyn.

Research on Ingroups and Middle School Cliques

Patricia and Peter Adler studied adolescents extensively and they concluded that the creation of cliques happens cyclically even before middle school begins and these can lead to prejudice and discrimination. Here is one of  Patricia and Peter Adler's ethnographies and you can read the abstract below:

Outgroups and the war in Iraq

In this TED talk by Sam Richards, he explains how understanding outgroups might lead to a radical experiment in empathy. 

Reviewing from last lesson:

3.  Please share one or more examples from your own experience where you ay have had a misconception about an outgroup, but after getting to know someone from the outgroup, you had a new understanding of people from the group.

4.  Examine the research article that you found for this unit.  

Was the research focused on an ingroup or outgroup for you?   

5.  How might your research shed light on this group to avoid viewing the group with outgroup homogeneity?

Now think about your own life.  What are your in groups?  What are the outgroups that you could become more aware of, more empathetic to?

Action item for next class: 

Joel Best, "The Truth about Damned Lies and Statistics."